Biodiversity is a term to describe the immense variety and variability of life of earth – from genes to species to ecosystems. It is a term often used interchangeably with nature but is not the same thing. Nature has both living (trees and wildlife) and non-living (water and soil) components. But it is often the diversity of those living components that determines the health and stability of nature, and its ability to provide critical services to people such as clean air and water, fertile soil and carbon storage.Biodiversity is declining faster than at any other time in human history, and this biodiversity loss is as significant a crisis as our changing climate. Furthermore, the two are inter-twined: climate change, and the land-use and consumption patterns that fuel it, is a major driver of biodiversity loss. Meanwhile, biodiversity loss makes it harder to mitigate climate impacts and to adapt to climate change. Both of these crises are more than environmental issues – they represent severe challenges to development gains that have been made in the past few decades and to future development opportunities.Nature-based solutions can tackle both climate mitigation and adaptation challenges at relatively low-cost while delivering diverse economic, social and environmental benefits – including biodiversity conservation. Therefore they have become increasingly prominent in international climate change polices and are a critical part of the climate change responses in developing countries. But not all nature-based solutions are good for biodiversity or for poor people and it is important to ensure they are designed and implemented appropriately.Investing in biodiversity/tackling biodiversity loss can help deliver development and climate change benefits. But some responses to biodiversity loss have exacerbated poverty and vulnerability of local people. It is important to ensure that approaches are designed to support the poor and the most vulnerable and to recognise their important role as nature’s stewards